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2014-08-21

Soft tissue sarcoma :

There are many different types of sarcoma . Soft tissue sarcomas are classified histologically according to the cell type of soft tissue from which it originated. Accordingly, there are :

Alveolar soft -part sarcoma , malignant tumors that develop from blood vessels .
Angiosarcoma , malignant tumors that develop from blood vessels or lymph. These tumors can develop in those parts of the body that have been exposed to irradiance , for example, develop in the breast that were treated with radiotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer .
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans , malignant slow - growing tumors that develop from fibrous tissue . Most often develop just under the skin on the legs, arms and torso .
Epithelioid sarcoma , malignant tumors of unknown origin . Develop in the tissues under the skin on the arms, hands , feet and legs . It affects mostly adolescents and young adults .
Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma , malignant mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare tumor that develops in cartilage tissue . Most mesenchymal chondrosarcoma develops in the bones , but one-third of cases develops outside the bone : the extrasceletal location .
Extraskeletal osteosarcoma ,
Fibrosarcoma , malignant tumors that develop from fibrous tissue . The most commonly develop in the legs, arms and torso . The most commonly affects adults between 20 and 60 years old, but appears in all age groups , even in infants .
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor ( GIST ) ,
Leiomyosarcoma , malignant tumors of smooth muscle tissue , most often develop in the retroperitoneum and internal organs and vessels. Less frequent locations are deep soft tissue in the feet and hands . Most often develops in the elderly .
Liposarcoma , malignant tumors of adipose tissue , most often develops on the thighs , behind the knees , and in the abdomen behind . The most commonly develops in people older than 50 years .
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma , malignant tumors of unknown origin , which can develop in the soft tissue and bone . The most common on the hands and feet , and less frequently from the rear of the abdomen .
Malignant hemangiopericytoma , malignant tumors that develop from the vessel . Develop in the legs , in the retroperitoneum . It is more common in adults .
Malignant mesenchymoma , malignant tumors of unknown origin , which shows some characteristics of fibrosarcoma and characteristics of at least two types of sarcoma .
Malignant schwannomas , malignant neurofibrosarcoma , or neurogenic sarcomas are malignant tumors that develop from nerve tissue . Common name them Peripheral nerve sheath tumor .
Rhabdomyosarcoma , a malignant tumor that develops from cross - striped muscle tissue . The most common are the hands and feet , but can develop in the head and neck , the reproductive and urinary organs , such as the vagina or bladder . The most commonly affects children .
Synovial sarcoma , malignant tumors that develop from cells of unknown origin . They were named because of its resemblance to the cells of synovial tissue as seen under a microscope . The most commonly develops in the feet and hands , and rarely locations are the thorax , head and neck .
Clear cell sarcoma malignant tumors of unknown origin . Developed in the tendons of the limbs . Viewed under a microscope , has very similar characteristics as malignant melanoma .
Ewing 's Sarcoma Family of Tumors , malignant tumors that develop from primitive cells of unknown origin . Ewing 's family of sarcomas including Ewing 's sarcoma of bone , Extraosseus Ewing 's sarcoma , and extraskeletal  Ewing 's sarcoma ( a tumor that grows out of the bones ) , Primitive neuroectodermal tumor ( PNET ) , Peripheral neuroepithelioma , Askin 's tumor ( ES of the chest wall) , Atypical ES .
Kaposi's sarcoma , malignant tumors that develop from vessels and lymphatics. It usually appears in people HIV - positive and AIDS patients . However , it can occur in people with transplanted  organ since they are taking medicines that suppress immune system .
And for most soft tissue sarcoma is still not known who has risk factors . Some subtypes of sarcoma are more likely to occur in children than in adults , such as rhabdomyosarcoma , synovial sarcoma  are more likely to occur in adolescents . However , total sarcomas are still occurring in all age groups , and equally in men and women .

Doctors and scientists are agree that there are certain risk factors for incidence of soft tissue sarcoma involving certain hereditary disorders :
Retinoblastom ,
Neurofibromatosis type 1 ( Recklinghausen )
Tuberous sclerosis ,
Familial adenomatous polyposis ( FAP ) ,
Li - Fraumeni syndrome ,
Werner syndrome .
Syndrome, basal cell nevus .
Other risk factors that may be associated with the development of soft tissue sarcoma are irradiance exposure , chronic lymphedema , and in rare cases, exposure to chemicals . Cancer of the lymph nodes ( lymphangiosarcoma ) may develop at the site where lymph nodes are surgically removed or damaged during radiotherapy .

The ability to identify patients who have risk factors for the development of soft tissue sarcoma , can help to detect the disease early when cure rate is much higher , and to improve treatments .

People who are in the early , initial stages of formation of sarcoma , generally do not have any symptoms . Sarcoma usually appears as a painless bumps ( nodules ) under the skin , often on the hands or feet . Sarcomas that develop in the abdomen or mediastin also have no symptoms until they grow large . How sarcoma grows and becomes more and more , putting pressure on neighboring organs , tissues , nerves , muscles or veins , and symptoms can include :

P ain ,
Difficulty in breathing .
However , many conditions can cause these symptoms , and it is certainly necessary to consult a doctor who will make the necessary diagnostics .

Soft tissue sarcomas are diagnosed :

Biopsy ,
Immunohistological analysis: tissue is tested for specific interaction of antigen and antibody - which is characteristic to each particular type of soft tissue sarcoma,
Genetic testing: testing the specific chromosomes, to detect an abnormality that is characteristic of soft tissue sarcoma .
Tissue samples are taken from the primary tumor , lymph nodes , and other suspicious areas . A pathologist examines the tissue under a microscope , looking at cancer cells and must find stage . The stage of the tumor cells depends on the layout ( how abnormal ) , on the rate of cell division , and the size of the tumor . Tumors of advanced stages tend to grow and spread faster than tumors of lower stage . Soft tissue sarcomas are difficult to diagnose only a biopsy , and it is necessary to make the immune histological analysis that can confirm that there was a translocation genes . Biopsy should do pathologist who has experience in diagnosing soft tissue sarcoma .

Methods of treatment and prognosis depend on several factors :

The type of soft tissue sarcoma ,
Size , stage and stage of the tumor ,
The location of the tumor ,
On whether the tumor is completely removed ,
On the age and health of the patient ,
Whether it is a tumor that has returned .
Once you establish the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma , must make further examinations in order to check whether there has been a spread of sarcoma in other parts of the body . Grading is the process of determining whether there is a cancer spreading through the soft tissue , or other body parts . Levels soft tissue sarcoma is based on staging and tumor size , location determination in the sense that it is a superficial (near the skin's surface ) or deep ( mediastin , abdomen and head) , and whether the tumor has spread to the lymph nodes or other parts of body . It is important to know the stage in order to plan appropriate therapy .
Examinations and tests which determine the classification:

A physical examination and medical history of the patient : overview of the entire body to check health status , including the search for signs of disease , such as lumps or anything else that looks different and unusual. Required to be reviewed medical history of the patient , to ask about his health habits , past illnesses and medications he was taking .
X-ray
Blood tests , biochemical tests , urine tests .
CT scan
MRI
Using the results of these tests and biopsy can determine the classification of soft tissue sarcomas :